#late antiquity

[barbucomedie]

Statue of "The Creator" from Xochicalco, Mexico dated between 650 - 900 on display at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, Mexico

Photographs taken by myself 2024

[the-first-man-is-a-cat]

Pendant depicting a Menorah, Lulav, and Etrog, late antiquity period.

[wandering-italy]

Mosaic covered alcove.

Mausoleum of Galla Placidia. 5th century

Ravenna

Jan 2017

[lionofchaeronea]

Gold solidus of the Roman emperor Constantius II (r. 337-361 CE), minted at Thessalonica between 351 and 355. On the obverse is the bust of Constantius, wearing a pearl diadem and a cuirass with drapery atop it. On the reverse is the inscription GLORIA REI PUBLICAE above the enthroned personifications of Rome and Constantinople. Following his elimination of his last remaining rivals in 355, Constantius would greatly expand the senate of Constantinople and elevate the city to an administrative status equal to Rome's, including the appointment of an urban prefect (praefectus urbi) to govern it.

Photo credit: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com

[cauat]

JOB ALERT: MSCA-PF Joint application at the University of Granada (Spain) Department of Prehistory and Archaeology

If anyone is interested in a two-year MSCA Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Granada within the field of late antique archaeology, please check this link with the basic information.

[troxlerfx]

this is something i did (what feels like) a billion years ago in another life for a college art history final, the assignment was a pop culture adaptation of a work from one of the studied eras. Late Antiquity, right panel of the Symmachi–Nicomachi diptych. i remember there wasn't a good translation for the word "ring" in this context so i went with something that meant "to draw around" or "to encircle."

at the time a librarian friend asked if they could use it as promo material for their media preservation & digitization lab & of course i said yes, but i don't know if that ever panned out (i hope it did!!)

[useless-catalanfacts]

Late 4th century or 5th century (Later Roman Empire). Fresco on stucco representing a man riding a horse. Size: 80 x 160 cm.

Found in the Domus de l'Arxiu Administratiu, Barcelona, Catalonia. Nowadays in Museu d'Història de Barcelona.

[medieval-elephants]

Elephants agog in the synagogue

This mosaic of a wide-eyed elephant was discovered by archaeologists in a fifth-century synagogue in Huqoq, Galilee. It is part of a scene where a white-haired Jewish leader confronts a general in Greek garb and his troops, including elephants. There has been a lot of debate about exactly who the two central figures are: was the warrior Alexander? Nero? Are they just symbolic and don't represent any particular incident? To add to the mystery, synagogues from this period rarely depicted non-Biblical events. Jodi Magness, who led the dig that uncovered the mosaic, argued that the elephants show this scene was not Biblical, since elephants do not obviously occur in the Bible (although ivory and some otherwise unidentified big beasts do crop up).

Whatever it depicts, the scene seems to suggest that there was a happy ending and that the war elephants were not deployed! Material: mosaic Date: late 4th or early 5th century AD Origin: Huqoq, Galilee Image source (x)

[wandering-cemeteries]

A burial covered with roof tiles (complete with paw marks from a dog) from a Late Roman cemetery in Rheinzabern, Rhineland-Palatinate.

Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Nuremberg, Germany 2023

[occvltswim]

Hermetica: The Ancient Greek and Latin Writings which contain Religious or Philosophic Teachings ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus

[bijoumikhawal]

Coptic Women's Headpieces: padded headbands and Palmyran strips

Neither of these have much (...in the first case, any) information out there to make their own post about, but they're both interesting.

The first are these padded headpieces. In the past I'd only seen the one made of leather with flowers on it in the V&A, which notes its possible usage. However it was only until recently when I began poking around on the French internet when I found more, and better yet, an undeniable depiction of a woman wearing the headpiece. Before this I'd seen some depictions that may be the headpiece being worn, but usually seem much flatter than these were made to be or like they're a more standard gold diadem.

In addition to this, there are a few depictions of Coptic figures wearing these flower bud/petal crowns (more popular in the earlier part of Roman Egyptian art history), which makes me wonder if these were ever used as a base for those.

It's also possible this was out under the turbans worn by women in Coptic art. An example of a bust from Byzantine exists of a woman wearing a turban from Constantinople, and when viewed from the side it can be seen that the volume at the front of her headdress terminates in points near the nape of her neck/her ears. However, this bust also lacks the volume one would expect from the examples if a roll like the extant examples was used.

The other piece is one I noticed before, and isn't specific to Egypt, or originated from there. It seems to have come from Palmyra, and is fairly common in the funeral busts we have from there.

These are small plaques of metal and gems, typically with a few small beads dangling over the forehead. Currently it's supposed that they were attached to a woman's bun in some way.

Here's a Roman-era Greek bust and a Roman- era Tunisian example.

Heres some Roman-Egyptian portraits with similar head jewelry. So far, I haven't found a definitive later Coptic depiction of one being worn, but I don't think that means they stopped being worn before Christianization. It's possibly just a matter of what art has survived and what I've personally seen. Generally, Coptic jewelry is similar to the jewelry from earlier Roman-Egyptian examples, with some more unique examples and examples that were inspired by later trends in the Byzantine Empire.

One of the possible Coptic examples is from the tomb of Theodosea (full disclosure: Theodosea herself was Greek Christian living Egypt, not a Copt in the sense we mean it now, but she's dressed in a way generally common in Egypt at the time. I use "possible Coptic example" here to indicate the contemporary cultural majority of Egypt, which is distinct from the pre-Christian cultural identity of native Egyptians). Theodosea here is identified by Engy Hanna as wearing some type of golden hairnet, with a green pendant with 3 hanging pearls and two strings of hanging beads attached. Because of her palla, it's impossible to tell if she has only one medallion attached to her hairnet or if this is a strip. The overall composition of elements (a cover over the hair, the two strands, center ornament, and a shawl over top the head) are very similar to Palmyran headdresses, though she doesn't wear a turban or the patterned fillet they do.

Recently, I found a bust on an auction site labeled "Roman, probably made in Egypt" from the 1st century, with this ornament but made of a more pliable material- probably fabric. And another on the same site, maybe Egyptian (the information mentions both the terms Gandhara and Greco-Egyptian), with the more typical jeweled look, 2nd-3rd century (which is more into the swing of Christianization in Egypt).

The last aside is another jewelry piece resembling that of Palmyra, though less so: a kind of circlet that appears to be made of chain with a center pendant. The star pendant worn by the second woman also notably resembles the pin holding the strip to the Greek girl's updo. The hanging strands of Theodosea are more blatant, but it's possible these were elaboration on the fashion. This style of jeweled forehead circlet, unlike the headband and strip (I have seen art of Syrian and Egyptian women with a strip, as well as Nubian art of women with a fillet/circlet and a center strip. The latter seems to be a more widely used item than the former two, which I have only seen one depiction each of so far), has remained consistently popular in West Asia and North Africa. Additionally the padded band worn by one of the Palmyran women featured here could be a related item to the padded headband; to know one would have to see the back of her head or find an artifact connecting the two. Even if a relationship can be proven between the Byzantine, Palmyran, and Coptic padded fillets, there is no clear indication of where it originated.

*I am a Copt, and if you are not, do not tag this post talking about "recreations". I find that offensive given the actions taken by Albert Gayet in regard to the clothes he took from graves. It is a simple boundary and you will not "enlighten" me to see how it's fine.*

Sources/Further reading:

https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/femme-assise_terre-cuite_polychromie-technique

https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/bourrelet-de-coiffure-postiches_laine-textile

https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/bourrelet-de-manteau_laine-textile

https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/bourrelet-de-mantelet_laine-textile_textile-matiere_lin-fibre | sources for 3 of the padded fillets and the figurine

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O353014/pair-of-fillets-unknown/

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/468716 | the marble bust

https://www.persee.fr/doc/bch_0007-4217_1969_num_93_2_4903 | in German, has photos of carvings with the hair ornament

https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/ancient-marbles-classical-sculpture-art-l16260/lot.59.html | carving of the short haired child

https://www.sothebys.com/en/buy/auction/2022/ancient-sculpture-and-works-of-art/a-roman-marble-portrait-head-of-a-girl-circa-2nd | carving of a girl with a jeweled strip, may be Egypt as the notes say an image of it was published in a work on Greco-Egyptian art and the girl has an "Isis lock" hairstyle

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241695 | overview of Palmyran jewelry

https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1903-0717-3 | Tunisian example of strip

https://www.livius.org/pictures/greece/thessaloniki/thessaloniki-museum-pieces/thessaloniki-portrait-of-a-girl/

https://womenofegyptmag.com/2020/02/11/what-coptic-artefacts-tell-us-about-women-in-ancient-egypt-part-one/

[the-spirit-of-yore]

Hypatia, Charles William Mitchell, 1885, Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle, Great Britain

[wandering-italy]

The Battistero degli Ariani (Baptistery of the Arians). It was built around the end of the 5th century by King Theodoric the Great.

Ravenna, Italy

[lionofchaeronea]

Reading The Last Pagans of Rome by Alan Cameron, a birthday gift from my parents (who know me very well indeed). It's a hefty (~800 pages) tome, the fruit of decades spent studying late antiquity. Cameron argues that the so-called "pagan reaction" in the late fourth century is a scholarly mirage, and that the secular culture pagans supposedly defended fiercely was in fact shared by Christian elites as well. He sees the end of paganism not as an apocalyptic conflict, but as a gradual process marked by the slow demise of animal sacrifice and public cult rituals over the course of the fourth century. Whether you agree with him or not, he's assembled massive amounts of evidence, and he makes his case in elegant, thoughtful fashion. Definitely recommended for anyone interested in the period.

[baebeylik]

Bronze ring. Palestine.

5th to 8th Century.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art.